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3D body scanning

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Fantasitron 3D photo booth at Madurodam

3D body scanning is an application[1] of various technologies such as structured-light 3D scanner, 3D depth sensing, stereoscopic vision and others for ergonomic and anthropometric investigation of the human form as a point-cloud. The technology and practice within research has found 3D body scanning measurement extraction methodologies to be comparable to traditional anthropometric measurement techniques.[2][3]

Applications

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While the technology is still developing[when?] in its application, the technology has regularly been applied[4] in the areas of:

However, despite the potential for the technology to have an impact in made-to-measure and mass customisation of items with ergonomic properties, 3D body scanning has yet to reach an early adopter or early majority stage of innovation diffusion. This in part due to the lack of ergonomic theory relating to how to identify key landmarks on the body morphology.[8][9] The suitability of 3D body scanning is also context dependent as the measurements taken[10] and the precision of the machine [11] are highly relative to the task in hand rather than being an absolute. Additionally, a key limitation of 3D body scanning has been the upfront cost of the equipment and the required skills by which to collect data and apply it to scientific and technical fields. However, the utilization of depth cameras on recent smartphones helps reduce the cost of 3D scans. One example of this is the recent[when?] free face scan app available on the Apple App Store.[12] For detailed investigation of the changes of the body dimensions a high speed (4D) scanning systems were developed by 3dMD and Instituto de Biomemechanics de Valencia (IBV). Scanning of moving humans with clothing at high resolution (usually 10–60 Hz) is technically possible, as reported multiple times by Chris Lane, Alfredo Ballester and Yordan Kyosev,[13][14] but the analysis and application of this data seems to be challenging.[14] Main worldwide events for scientific exchange in the area of 3D and 4D body scanning are the annual 3DBody.Tech Conference and Clothing-Body-Interaction conference [1][15]

Scanning protocol

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Although the process has been established for a considerable amount of time with international conferences held annually for industry and academics (e.g. the International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies), the protocol and process of how to scan individuals is yet to be universally formalised.[16] However, earlier research [17] has proposed a standardised protocol of body scanning based on research and practice that demonstrates how non-standardised protocol and posture significantly influences body measurements;[18] including the hip.[19]

The standard scanning protocol, however, produces no measurements that fail to meet the precision of manual measurement methods or ISO 20685:2010[20] tolerances. But through consecutive scanning and a free algorithm called GRYPHON,[21] 97.5% of measurements meet ISO 20685:2010; a precision increase of 327%.[22]

A 3D selfie in 1:20 scale printed by Shapeways using gypsum-based printing, from models reconstructed by Madurodam from 2D pictures of patrons taken at its Fantasitron photo booth.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Parker, C.J., Gill, S. and Hayes, S.G. (2017), "3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction", in D'Apuzzo, N. (Ed.), Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11–12 Oct. 2017, Hometrica Consulting – Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, Ascona, Switzerland, pp. 298–305.
  2. ^ Simmons, K.P. and Istook, C.L. (2003), 'Body measurement techniques: Comparing 3D body-scanning and anthropometric methods for apparel applications Archived 28 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine', Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, MCB UP Ltd, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 306–332.
  3. ^ Bougourd, J.P., Dekker, L., Grant Ross, P. and Ward, J.P. (2000), 'A Comparison of Women's Sizing by 3D Electronic Scanning and Traditional Anthropometry', Journal of The Textile Institute, Vol. 91 No. 2, pp. 163–173.
  4. ^ "List of Papers - 3DBST 2016". www.3dbodyscanning.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  5. ^ Crist, Ry. "The Naked Labs smart mirror scanned our nearly naked bodies and we don't know what to think". CNET. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  6. ^ Stewart, A.; Ledingham, R.; Williams, H. (2017). "Variability in body size and shape of UK offshore workers: A cluster analysis approach". Applied Ergonomics. 58 (1): 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.07.001. hdl:10059/1591. PMID 27633221.
  7. ^ Choi, S.; Ashdown, S. P. (2011). "3D body scan analysis of dimensional change in lower body measurements for active body positions". Textile Research Journal. 81 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1177/0040517510377822.
  8. ^ Gill, S. (2015). "A review of research and innovation in garment sizing, prototyping and fitting". Textile Progress. 47 (1): 1–85. doi:10.1080/00405167.2015.1023512.
  9. ^ Gill, S.; Parker, C. J.; Hayes, S.; Wren, P.; Panchenko, A. (2014). The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of automated body scanner waist definitions of the TC2 scanner. 5th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies. Lugano, Switzerland. pp. 55–65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018.
  10. ^ Gill, Simeon; Ahmed, Maryam; Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven G. (2017). "Not All Body Scanning Measurements Are Valid: Perspectives from Pattern Practice". Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 - 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11-12 Oct. 2017. 3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies. pp. 43–52. doi:10.15221/17.043. ISBN 9783033064362.
  11. ^ Parker, Christopher J.; Gill, Simeon; Hayes, Steven G. (2017). "3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction". Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 - 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11-12 Oct. 2017. 3DBODY.TECH 2017 – 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies. pp. 298–305. doi:10.15221/17.298. ISBN 9783033064362. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  12. ^ "3D Face Scanner iOS App Collecting Data for Research". apps.apple.com.
  13. ^ Kuehn, Tino; Kyosev, Yordan (19 October 2021). "4D Scanning of Clothed Humans - Preliminary Results". Proc. of 3DBODY.TECH 2021 - 12th Int. Conf. and Exh. on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies. doi:10.15221/21.25. ISBN 978-3-033-08853-5. S2CID 245761193.
  14. ^ a b Kyosev, Yordan; Tomanova, Vanda; Schmidt, Ann-Malin (25 October 2022). "Method for Automatic Analysis of the Clothing Related Body Dimension Changes During Motion Using High-Speed (4D) Body Scanning". Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2022 - 13th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 25-26 October 2022. Lugano, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting. doi:10.15221/22.24. ISBN 978-3-033-09520-5. S2CID 252706138.
  15. ^ O'Mahony, Marie (9 September 2021). "The dynamic relation between humans and clothing". Innovation in Textiles. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  16. ^ Chi, L. and Kennon, R. (2006), 'Body scanning of dynamic posture', International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 166–178.
  17. ^ Gill, Simeon; Hayes, S; Parker, Christopher J. (2016). "3D Body Scanning: Towards Shared Protocols for Data Collection- Addressing the needs of the body scanning community for ensuring comparable data collection". Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation (PDF). pp. 281–284. doi:10.2991/iwama-16.2016.53. ISBN 978-94-6252-243-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  18. ^ Mckinnon, L. and Istook, C. L. (2002), "Body scanning: The effects of subject respiration and foot positioning on the data integrity of scanned measurements", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 103–121.
  19. ^ Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2017). "Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning". Ergonomics. 60 (8): 1123–1136. doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621. PMID 27764997. S2CID 23758581. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  20. ^ ISO 20685:2010
  21. ^ UoMResearchIT/Gryphon, Research IT, University of Manchester, UK, 21 October 2020, archived from the original on 2 July 2021, retrieved 19 May 2021
  22. ^ Parker, Christopher J.; Gill, Simeon; Harwood, Adrian; Hayes, Steven G.; Ahmed, Maryam (19 May 2021). "A Method for Increasing 3D Body Scanning's Precision: Gryphon and Consecutive Scanning". Ergonomics. 65 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1931473. ISSN 0014-0139. PMID 34006206.
  23. ^ Kyosev, Yordan; Tomanova, Vanda; Schmidt, Ann-Malin (25 October 2022). "Method for Automatic Analysis of the Clothing Related Body Dimension Changes During Motion Using High-Speed (4D) Body Scanning". Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2022 - 13th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 25-26 October 2022. Lugano, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo. doi:10.15221/22.24. ISBN 978-3-033-09520-5. S2CID 252706138.
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